Movement ........ Movement along the Axis or Range of motion

A). Nonaxial Movement:
B). Uniaxial Movement
C). Biaxial Movement
D). Multiaxial Movement

II). Types of motion

A). Gliding Movements

One flat bone slides over another.

B). Angular Movements

Increase or decrease the angle between 2 bones.

1). Flexion

 

Bending motion that decreases the angle of the joint bringing the 2 bones closer together.

2). Extension

Movement that increases the angle between the 2 bones.

Hyperextension: bending the head backward.

3). Dorsiflexion (of the foot)

Lifting the foot up so that it points to the shin.

4). Plantar (of the foot)

Pointing the foot down.

5). Abduction

	Movement of the limb along the frontal plane.
	Raising an arm laterally or spreading the fingers.

6). Adduction

Movement of the limb toward the body.

 7). Circumduction

Movement of a limb in a circle or cone shape.

C). Rotation

Turning of the bone along its own long axis.

Only movement allowed between first 2 cervical vertebra

D). Special Movements

1). Supination

	Movement of the radius around the ulna.
	palm faces up

2). Pronation

Movement of the radius around the ulna.

palm faces down

3). Inversion

Sole of the foot turns medially

4). Eversion

Sole of the foot turns laterally.

5). Protraction

	Nonangular anterior motion along the transverse plane.
	Jutting the jaw out

6). Retraction

	Nonangular posterior motion along the transverse plane.
	Pulling the jaw back.

7). Elevation

	Lifting a body part superiorly
	Shrugging  shoulders closing the mouth.

8). Depression

	Moving a body part inferiorly
	Opening the mouth.

9). Opposition

Movement of the thumb in relation to other digits.

Muscular System: Anatomy of a Muscle............

I). Functions of Skeletal Muscle

	Movement
	Posture
	Stabilizes joints
	Heat
	Protects organs

II). Terms

	Excitability
	Contractility
	Extensibility
	Elasticity

origin & insertion	direct & indirect attachments

III). Attachments

A). Insertion: moves the bone.
B). Origin:  does not move or is less movable.
C). Direct attachments: the connective tissue fuses to the bone.
D). Indirect attachments: outer connective tissue forms a tendon that connects to the bone

IV). Muscle Structure

A). Muscle
B). Fascicle
C). Muscle Fiber: Cell
                   sarcolemma  =  plasma membrane
D). Myofibril: Organelle
E). Sarcomere: Contractile unit

F). Myofilaments

Actin
Myosin

V). Bands of the Muscle Fiber

A).  Muscle fiber:

1). Dark A bands: The thick myosin filaments extend the length of the A band.
2). Light I bands: The thin actin filaments extend the length of the I band & part of the A band

B). Myofibril

1). A band

a). H zone: Lighter stripe
b). M line: bisects the H zone

2). I band

a). Z disc midline

Sarcomere is the area between 2 Z discs.

During muscle contractions the I band shortens

 and the Z discs move closer together.

VII). Myofilament Composition

A). Thick filament (MYOSIN)

The 2 heads  contain ATP binding sites & link the actin and myosin together during contraction.

B). Thin Filaments (ACTIN)

	Binds to the myosin heads.
	Active sites are blocked when the muscle is relaxed.