NP head-to-toe...Excellent Tips

Skeletal System.........

I).  Function of the skeletal system A).  support B).  protection C).  movement D).  mineral storage E).  blood cell formation
II).  Bones & Muscles  as Levers Levers have 4 components 1).  Rigid bar 2).  Pivot/fulcrum 3).  Object that creates resistance 4). Force that supplies movement http://www.vias.org/physics/bk2_06
When the arm bends the bone represents the rigid bar The elbow joint is the pivot The hand is moved against the resistance or weight (weight of hand) The muscles supply force
III). Skeletal Cartilage:  Hyaline Cartilage Provides support with  flexibility and resilience. A).  Articular cartilage B).  Costal cartilage C).  Nasal cartilage D). Epiphyseal cartilage E).  Embryonic  cartilage
IV). Long Bone Anatomy: A). diaphysis B). epiphysis The epiphysis is usually covered in articular cartilage C). epiphyseal line or plate
http://anatomyforme.blogspot.com/
V). Bone Structure A). compact bone structural units called osteons. Ostean consists of long cylinders that run parallel to the long axis of the bone. Structure of an osteon 1). lamella   2). Haverson’s canal: (oseonic canal) 3). canaliculi or perforating canals 4). lacuna: contain osteocytes (mature bone cells) Types of osteocytes i). osteoblasts: build bone ii). osteoclasts: consume or remove bone

 B). spongy (trabecular) bone

A honeycomb or network of flat pieces called trabeculae that are organized along stress lines

C).  Medullary Cavity

D). Bone Marrow

Soft tissue in the medullary cavity and the trabeculae of the spongy bone

1). red bone marrow:

2). yellow bone marrow:

E). periosteum

The periosteum is supplied with nerve fibers, lymphatic vessels and blood vessels, which enter the bone.
It also contains osteoblasts (bone builders) & osteoclasts (bone breakers)

VI). bone development

A). osteogenesis: Bone tissue formation

1. cell types

i. oseteoblasts: build calcium matrix
ii. osteoclasts: reabsorb calcium matrix

2. ossification: formation of bone

Ossification replaces cartilage with bone matrix

3. Ossificantion Processes

i. Endochondral Ossification:  Long bones ossify---

along hyaline cartilage model

ossify on the outside with compact bone and move inward

ii. Intramembranous Ossification: Flat bones ossify--

from layers of unspecified connective tissue.

ossify inside with spongy bone and work outward to compact bone

B). Intramembranous Ossification of flat bones

1). An ossification center appears in the connective tissue.
2). A bone matrix is secreted in the fibrous membrane.
3). Woven bone and periosteum form.
4). Bone collar of compact bone forms and red bone marrow appears.
Fontanels:  Unossified fibrous membranes

C). Endochrondral Ossification of long bones

1). Formation of hyaline cartilage model
2). A bone collar forms around the diaphysis of the hyaline cartilage
3). Cartilage in the center of the diaphysis calcifies and then cavitates
4). The periosteal bud invades the internal cavity and spongy bone forms.   

                            The bud contains a nutrient artery and osteoclasts

5). The diaphysis elongates and a medullary cavity forms
6). The epiphysis ossify.

*Hyaline cartilage remains on the growth plate and the articulating surface.

VII). Bone Remodeling

Weekly recycle 5% to 7% of bone mass. With a replacement of spongy bone every 4 years and a replacement of compact bone every 10 years.

Bone deposit:

Bone reabsorption:

Controlled by:

1). Negative feedback

Ca++loop that maintains blood calcium.
It involves the hormones: Parathyroid Hormone and Calcitonin.

PARATHYROID HORMONE if blood Ca++ is low  Parathyroid Hormone is released   Ca++ is reabsorbed from bone by osteoclasts

CALCITONIN HORMONE if blood Ca++ is high    Calcitonin is released   Ca++ is absorbed into the bone by osteoblasts

2). Mechanical & gravitational forces.

Wolf’s Law Bone grows where stressors are placed on it.

VIII). Bone Fractures

A).  Classification of fractures

1). non-displaced fractures
2). displaced fractures
3). complete fracture
4). incomplete fracture
5). open (compound) fracture
6). closed (simple) fracture
7). closed reduction
8). open reduction

Mnemonic
	Go C3PO (use 3 Cs) Greenstick Open Complete Closed Comminuted Partial Other

B).  Types of fractures

1). green stick
2). partial or fissure
3). comminuted fractures
4). transverse fractures
5).  oblique fractures
6).  spiral fractures
7).  depressed fractures
8). compressed fractures

IX). Repair of Fractures

STEP1:  A hematoma forms over the fracture site.
STEP2:  Fibrocartilaginous callus formation.
STEP3:  Bony callus formation
STEP4:  Bone remodeling

Joints of the Skeleton.....

Joints of the Skeleton

http://www.argosymedical.com/flash/synovial_joints/landing.html

Check this out

 

I). Definition
        Articulations:
            Joints are the weakest part of the skeleton.
II). Classification

A). Functional:
B). Structure:

III) Types of Joints

A). Fibrous:

The amount of movement is based on the length of the tissue fibers.

1). Sutures

2). Syndesmoses

Limited movement:

Considerable movement:
 

3). Gomphoses

B). Cartilaginous Joints

Bones are united by cartilage and there is no cavity between the bones.

1). Synchondrosis

hyaline cartilage unites the bones at the junction of cartilage

2). Symphyses

Cartilage fuses into a pad of fibrocartilage that is compressible and allows some movement.

 C). Synovial Joints

Articulating bones are separated by a fluid-containing joint cavity.

IV). Structure of Synovial Joints

A). Articular Cartilage 
 B). Synovial (joint) cavity   
C). Articular Capsule  
D). Synovial Fluid.
E). Reinforcing Ligaments  
F). Fatty Pads or Articular Discs
G). Bursae

	Flattened sacs that contain synovial fluid.
	Functions to reduce friction.

H). Tendon Sheath

A bursa that wraps around a tendon that is subject to friction.

V). Factors Influencing Joint Stability

A). The shape of articular surfaces.

B). Ligaments
C). Muscle Tone

VI).  Types of Synovial Joints

A). Plane Joints

Flat articular surfaces

B). Hinge Joints

Cylindrical projections (condyles) fit into concave shapes

C). Pivot Joints

The rounded end of one bone fits into the sleeve of bone or ligaments

D). Condyloid or Ellipsoidal Joints

The oval surface of one bone fits into the depression of another bone

E). Saddle Joints

both concave and convex surfaces that allow for more movement

F). Ball-and-Socket Joints

Spherical head of bone articulates into a cup like surface of another.

VII).  Examples of Joints

A).  Knees Joint

B).  Hip Joint

C).  Shoulder Joint

D).  Elbow Joint