| Question | Answer | Hint |
| Normal functioning of the lungs depends on what three factors? | patent respiratory tree, functioning alveoli system, well functioning cardiovascular system | |
| What is meant by a patent respiratory tree? | open, able to move air. If there is an occlusion or obstruction it is not patent and will have a negative impact on the respiratory sys. | |
| What is the main function of the upper airway? | warms air, humidifies, filters air, and helps get microorganisms out | |
| What are cilia and what are their main function? | hair like projections in the airway that help get contaminants out of the respiratory tree. | |
| What are the functions of mucus and coughing? | Mucus helps to capture microbs while coughing helps move secretions out. | |
| What helps to thin mucus in the lungs? | Hydration | |
| What is the function of surfactant? | helps to keep the alveoli open/inflated and decreases surface tension | |
| What is ventilation? | the movement of air in and out of the lungs | |
| define/describe inhalation | active process, muscles contract, diaphragm moves down, pressure goes down and air rushes in | |
| define/describe exhalation | passive process, muscles relax, diaphragm moves up, pressure goes up and air rushes out | |
| What are 3 factors that affect respiration? | Accessory muscles, lung compiance, and airway resistance | |
| What are the accessory muscles and what do they do? | They are the abdominal, intercostal, and sternocleidomastoid muscles which help the distressed pt. move air | |
| What is lung compliance? | elasticity of lungs to expand; how easily the lungs expand. Decreased lung compliance means decreased elasticity | |
| What factors affect lung compliance? | chest wall factors (position of the body-MS, obesity, lying in bed, etc.) and lung factors (problems in the lungs- pneumonia, fibrosis, pulmnary edema, etc.) | |
| What is atelectasis? | decreased expansion of the lungs | |
| What is pleural effusion? | collection of fluid between lung and chest wall. Fluid collapses the lungs. | |
| What is pulmonary edema? | fluid inside the respiratory tree such as with lf. side heart failure- blood gets backed up into the lungs and dumped into the alveoli because heart can’t pump it out properly. | |
| What is pulmonary fibrosis or pulmonary htn? | after an injury occurs fibrin and collagen are laid down to repair which toughens lung tissue and decreasing compliance | |
| What is pneumothorax? | a collapse of a portion of lung with air in the pleural space | |
| What is hemothorax? | blood in the pleural space | |
| What can cause airway resistance? | any obstructions to airflow: narrowed tube, tumor, infection, secretions, edema, foreign objects, bronchial constriciton, etc. | |
| define diffusion | movement of SOLUTES from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration | |
| define osmosis | movement of SOLVENT from and area of lesser concentration to an area of greater concentration | |
| define perfusion | movement of fluid (blood) through or into a system (blood entering vessels through walls) | |
| Diffusion and perfusion are interrelated, therefore can you have one without the other? | Yes, it is possible to have diffusion but not perfusion however diffusion will not be effective. For example air is moving into the lungs, but there is a blocked area of tissue so perfusion is not happening | |
| What things effect diffusion in the lungs? | surface area (less area = less diffusion), disease, and a decrease in environmental O2 | |
| What types of things can affect the amount of surface area in the lungs? | body position, tumor, lung collapse, lung removal, muscus plug, immobility, etc. | |
| How is oxygen transported through the body? | 97% is attached and transported via hemoglobin and 3% is dissolved into plasma | |
| The amount of oxygen that binds to hgb depends on what? | PaO2 : more PaO2 the more oxygen that attached to Hgb | |
| What is a normal PaO2? | between 80-100mmhg | |
| At a PaO2 of 60mmhg how saturated are the Hbg with oxygen (SaO2)? | 90% | |
| What is hypoxemia? | decreased O2 in blood and causes hypoxia | |
| What is hypoxia? | decreased O2 in the tissues | |
| What are some sx/s of hypoxia? | cyanosis, pale coloration of skin, apprehensive, restless, confused, c/o dyspnea | |
| What controls respirations in a healthy person? | CO2: CO2 crosses the bbb and mixes with H2O. H+ ions increase which causes faster breathing. | |
| What controls respriation in a nonhealthy person? | O2 : since a nonhealthy person lives with high levels of CO2 because of the build up, O2 must therefor control the respiratory drive. Low levels of O2 increases breathing | |
| Why is it important to monitor a pt. with COPD who is on oxygen? | Because if the O2 levels get too high then their respriatory drive is not triggered and the pt. can stop breathing | |
| What are two ways of measuring O2 in the blood? | ABG (arterial blood gas) and Pulse oximeter (saturation of O2) | |
| What are the normal ranges of PaO2 and PaCO2? | PaO2:80-100mmhg PaCO2:35-45mmhg | |
| What does and ABG tell us? | How well diffusion is functioning in the lungs | |
| What would a venus draw(VBG) tell us? | how much O2 is being used by the tissues; tells us the O2 demand in the peripheries | |
| True or false?ABG will help us make critical decisions and tells us if the pt. needs O2 therapy. | True | |
| What is a normal level on a pulse ox? | 95-100% but anything over 90% is good | |
| True or false? pulse ox will help us make critical decisions and tells us if the pt. needs O2 therapy. | False. It does not help make critical decisions, but may determine if a ABG is needed | |
| How can a pulse ox give a misreading of O2 saturation? | If Hgb is low but still 90% saturated it could read 90%SaO2 when the pt. is actually hypoxic or hypoxemic because of the low Hbg levels | |
| What types of pts need O2 therapy? | if they are hypoxic or hypoxemic, someone with a non-respiratory problem and demands more O2 to the tissues such as a febrile pt, someone with low levels of Hgb such as with blood loss or burn victims, someone with reduced O2 carrying ability such as a post-op pt, someone with decreased cardiac output | |
| What is the % of O2 (fraction of inspired air FiO2) in room air? | 21% | |
| True or false? If over 2L/min of O2 is delivered then it needs to be humidified. | True | |
| True or false? you need a dr. order to humidify but not to administer O2. | False. Oxygen is considered a drug and you need a dr.s order for it however you do not need an order to humidify | |
| Up to how many L of O2 can be given with nasal prongs? | 6L/min | |
| simple face mask | delivers 5-8L/min O2, 40-60% FiO2, fits snugly, has vents to pull in room air and expel CO2 | |
| Partial rebreather | has reservoir bag and vents, needs humidity, delivers 5-11 L/min O2, 60-75% FiO2, | |
| Non-rebreather | same as partial rebreather except it has vents, prevents outside air and exhaled CO2 from mixing with O2, needs to be monitored, delivers 6-15 L/min O2, 80-90% FiO2 | |
| Venti mask | only delivers up to 50% FiO2 but is more accurate than other masks because you can control the amount of O2 and room air that is given | |
| What are 5 precautions when using oxygen? |
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Showing posts with label Respiratory System. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Respiratory System. Show all posts
Mar 7, 2015
Cardiac System Oxygenation Help....
Cardio – Oxygen Questions Study Guide
Respiratory Surgery Interventions and Questions....
Why should the nurse withhold food from a pt following a bronchoscopy? Aspiration – no gag reflex, to test for return of gag reflex, should touch pharynx with depressor.....
After a laryngectomy a pt can develop frequent coughing and copious secretions due to lack of warmed, moist air.
A good nursing intervention after surgery to promote adequate ventilatory exchange would be to? Position the client laterally with neck extended. The tongue will not obstruct the airway
Priority after a laryngectomy is? Keep the trach free of secretions – patent airway is priority
Can a pt with a total laryngectomy and radical neck dissection still chew and swallow? Yes
A pt has moderate edema of the neck tissues after a radical neck dissection. The nurse should assess for? Restlessness and dyspnea because this pt is at risk for airway obstruction, and these signs may indicate hypoxia
What are some interventions for pt with radical neck surgery? Chest tube to drain fluid, total Parenteral nutrition and bed rest. TPN provides nutrition, boosts immune defenses, and decreases thoracic duct flow, bed rest b/c lymphatic flow increases with activity
The reason to perform deep breathing exercises after surgery is to help with? Counteracts respiratory acidosis, retention of CO2 in the blood lowers the Ph, causing resp. acidosis; deep breathing maximizes gaseous exchange, ridding the body of excess CO2
A common early sign of laryngeal cancer for which the nurse should assess a client would be? Hoarseness –
What is the purpose of the third chamber in the 3 chamber underwater drainage system? It controls the amount of suction – 1st collects drainage, 2nd provides for the seal, 3rd –controls amt of suction
What is the top priority when a client is unconscious? An obstructed airway, reduced O2 intake may lead to serious complications
A pt has an unresolved hemothorax and is febrile, with chills and sweating. He has a nonproductive cough and chest pain. His chest tube drainage is turbid. He could be experiencing? Empyema, an accumulation of pus in a body cavity which is a result of bacterial infection. Turbid drainage is the hallmark sign
A client with supraglottic cancer undergoes a partial laryngectomy. Postop, a cuffed trach tube is in place. When removing secretions that pool above the cuff, the nurse should instruct the client to? Cough as the cuff is being deflated, if cannot cough then the nurse should suction
A good nursing intervention after surgery to promote adequate ventilatory exchange would be to? Position the client laterally with neck extended. The tongue will not obstruct the airway
Priority after a laryngectomy is? Keep the trach free of secretions – patent airway is priority
Can a pt with a total laryngectomy and radical neck dissection still chew and swallow? Yes
A pt has moderate edema of the neck tissues after a radical neck dissection. The nurse should assess for? Restlessness and dyspnea because this pt is at risk for airway obstruction, and these signs may indicate hypoxia
What are some interventions for pt with radical neck surgery? Chest tube to drain fluid, total Parenteral nutrition and bed rest. TPN provides nutrition, boosts immune defenses, and decreases thoracic duct flow, bed rest b/c lymphatic flow increases with activity
The reason to perform deep breathing exercises after surgery is to help with? Counteracts respiratory acidosis, retention of CO2 in the blood lowers the Ph, causing resp. acidosis; deep breathing maximizes gaseous exchange, ridding the body of excess CO2
A common early sign of laryngeal cancer for which the nurse should assess a client would be? Hoarseness –
What is the purpose of the third chamber in the 3 chamber underwater drainage system? It controls the amount of suction – 1st collects drainage, 2nd provides for the seal, 3rd –controls amt of suction
What is the top priority when a client is unconscious? An obstructed airway, reduced O2 intake may lead to serious complications
A pt has an unresolved hemothorax and is febrile, with chills and sweating. He has a nonproductive cough and chest pain. His chest tube drainage is turbid. He could be experiencing? Empyema, an accumulation of pus in a body cavity which is a result of bacterial infection. Turbid drainage is the hallmark sign
A client with supraglottic cancer undergoes a partial laryngectomy. Postop, a cuffed trach tube is in place. When removing secretions that pool above the cuff, the nurse should instruct the client to? Cough as the cuff is being deflated, if cannot cough then the nurse should suction
Jan 18, 2013
Lyme Disease signs any the symptoms.....
Summer & fall are times to be outdoors—gardening, walking or simply enjoying the warm weather. Unfortunately, being more active outside also increases your chance of encountering a blacklegged tick, the carriers of Borrelia burgdorferi, the bacteria that causes Lyme Disease.
A blacklegged tick is extremely small, and they are very hard to see. Generally, an infected tick has to be attached to your body for 24 to 36 hours for the bacteria to spread to your blood. There are three stages of Lyme disease, and the symptoms may come and go. If the condition is not treated, it can spread to the brain, heart and joints. Symptoms of Stage 1 (early localized)
Lyme disease include:Body-wide itchingChillsFeverGeneral ill-feelingHeadacheLight-headedness or faintingMuscle painStiff neckA "bull's eye" rashSymptoms of Stage 2 (early disseminated) Lyme disease can appear in the weeks and months following the tick bite, and they include:Paralysis or weakness in the muscles of the faceMuscle pain and pain or swelling in the knees and other large jointsHeart problems, such as skipped heartbeats (palpitations)Months or even years after infection, people in Stage 3 (late disseminated) Lyme disease can experience the following symptoms:Muscle and joint painAbnormal muscle movementMuscle weaknessNumbness and tinglingSpeech problemsLyme disease is diagnosed through a blood test known as an ELISA, which checks for antibodies to the bacteria that causes the condition. If the ELISA test is positive, it is followed by a Western blot test that will confirm the diagnosis. Treatment of confirmed Lyme disease includes a two to four week course of antibiotics. The type of antibiotics used will vary depending on the stage of the disease and the symptoms
Jan 23, 2011
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